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Dutch phonology is similar to that of other West Germanic languages, especially Afrikaans and West Frisian. Standard Dutch has two main de facto pronunciation standards: Northern and Belgian. Northern Standard Dutch is the most prestigious accent in the Netherlands. It is associated with high status, education and wealth.
This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Dutch on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Dutch in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them.
In Northern Dutch, /ɣ/ appears immediately before voiced consonants and sometimes also between vowels, but not in the word-initial position. In the latter case, the sound is not voiced and differs from /x/ in length (/ɣ/ is longer) and in that it is produced a little bit further front (mediovelar, rather than postvelar) and lacks any trilling, so that vlaggen /ˈvlɑɣən/ 'flags' has a ...
There are two main theories regarding the origination of the uvular trill in European languages. According to one theory, the uvular trill originated in Standard French around the 17th century and spread to the standard varieties of German, Danish, Portuguese, and some of those of Dutch, Norwegian and Swedish.
The Phonology of Dutch (The Phonology of the World's Languages), Oxford University Press, 1995. The Morphology of Dutch, Oxford University Press. First edition 2002; second edition 2019. The Grammar of Words: An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology (Oxford Textbooks in Linguistics), Oxford University Press. First edition 2005; second edition ...
An example is Dutch, where the rule is that initial and final syllables (word boundaries) take secondary stress, then every alternate syllable before and after the primary stress, as long as two stressed syllables are not adjacent and stress does not fall on /ə/ (there are, however, some exceptions to this rule). See Dutch phonology § Stress.
When I look at Middle Dutch phonology, it is rather the reverse: long /i:/ has become short (except in Brabant) because the duration contrast was no longer needed as there was a difference in quality. (edit: what specifically happened in Middle Dutch was apparently this: "monophthongisation of opening diphthongs: /iə/ > /iː/, /uə/ > /uː/.
Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.; Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.