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Dutch phonology is similar to that of other West Germanic languages, especially Afrikaans and West Frisian. Standard Dutch has two main de facto pronunciation standards: Northern and Belgian. Northern Standard Dutch is the most prestigious accent in the Netherlands. It is associated with high status, education and wealth.
This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Dutch on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Dutch in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them.
In Northern Dutch, /ɣ/ appears immediately before voiced consonants and sometimes also between vowels, but not in the word-initial position. In the latter case, the sound is not voiced and differs from /x/ in length (/ɣ/ is longer) and in that it is produced a little bit further front (mediovelar, rather than postvelar) and lacks any trilling, so that vlaggen /ˈvlɑɣən/ 'flags' has a ...
Middle Dutch is a collective name for a number of closely related West Germanic dialects whose ancestor was Old Dutch.It was spoken and written between 1150 and 1500. Until the advent of Modern Dutch after 1500 or c. 1550, [2] there was no overarching standard language, but all dialects were mutually intelligible.
Dutch uses the following letters and letter combinations. For simplicity, dialectal variation and subphonemic distinctions are not always indicated. See Dutch phonology for more information. The following list shows letters and combinations, along with their pronunciations, found in modern native or nativised vocabulary:
Currently Limburgish – although being essentially a variety of Low Franconian – still has a considerable distance from Standard Dutch with regards to phonology, morphology and lexicon. Standard Dutch, which developed mostly from West Low Franconian dialects such as Flemish and Brabantic , [ 23 ] serves as the standard language (or ...
Stadsfries phonology deviates from Dutch in the absence of the voiced sounds /v/ and /z/ at the beginning of words. Dutch words like this often have an equivalent Stadsfrisian translation that instead starts with the unvoiced sounds /f/ and /s/. The Dutch sounds sequence /sx/ does not exist in Stadsfries, but is often replaced with /sk ...
The Phonology of Dutch (The Phonology of the World's Languages), Oxford University Press, 1995. The Morphology of Dutch, Oxford University Press. First edition 2002; second edition 2019. The Grammar of Words: An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology (Oxford Textbooks in Linguistics), Oxford University Press. First edition 2005; second edition ...