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The rear engine and forward cooling system locations in the Smart Fortwo. ... Emissions CO 2 Top Speed 0-100 km/h (62 mph) 0.8 cdi (diesel) ... crash test results for ...
Bleed screws are not common on cars today and are only necessary when design of an engine's cooling system results in areas where air can be trapped in the system. [citation needed] Air in the system can lead to overheating of the engine and in modern cars also to poor vehicle operation (e.g. problems with the AC system or incorrect engine idle).
The temperature of the cooling air may range from well below freezing to 50 °C. Further, while engines in long-haul boat or rail service may operate at a steady load, road vehicles often see widely varying and quickly varying load. Thus, the cooling system is designed to vary cooling so the engine is neither too hot nor too cold.
Leak-down testing is a static test. Leak-down tests cylinder leakage paths. Leak-down primarily tests pistons and rings, seated valve sealing, and the head gasket. Leak-down will not show valve timing and movement problems, or piston movement related sealing problems. Any test should include both compression and leak-down.
During the RACE Project from 1994 to 1997, financed by the EU with nearly 2 Million Euros, main producers of cars agreed to develop CO 2 car AC systems. See . The result was that car AC systems for CO 2 small cars are 45% more expensive than HFKW Units and that for the luxury class the additional cost was irrelevant. There is a final ...
OBD-II PIDs (On-board diagnostics Parameter IDs) are codes used to request data from a vehicle, used as a diagnostic tool.. SAE standard J1979 defines many OBD-II PIDs. All on-road vehicles and trucks sold in North America are required to support a subset of these codes, primarily for state mandated emissions inspections.
Waterless coolant lasts the life of the engine, and there is no need to have that system pressurized, which has shown to reduce stress on the cooling system plumbing. [6] Waterless coolant has been used to reduce fuel usage by limiting the amount of time the radiator fan needs to be on. Waste management departments have used waterless coolant ...
A working system should not generate further trapped gas. Air may be drawn in if there is a small leak, or dissolved air in make-up water may come out of solution, but this generally indicates a system leak if new water is needing to be added. The most likely cause of continual gas bleeding is hydrogen, rather than air. [2]