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Example: A 16-bit system has 2 16 different possibilities, from 0 – 65,535. The smallest signal without dithering is 1, so the number of different levels is one less, 2 16 − 1. So for a 16-bit digital system, the Dynamic Range is 20·log(2 16 − 1) ≈ 96 dB. Sample accuracy/synchronisation Not as much a specification as an ability.
The reference point between this scale and normal frequency measurement is defined by assigning a perceptual pitch of 1000 mels to a 1000 Hz tone, 40 dB above the listener's threshold. Above about 500 Hz, increasingly large intervals are judged by listeners to produce equal pitch increments.
For example, a 12-bit digital sensor or converter can provide a dynamic range in which the ratio of the maximum measured value to the minimum measured value is up to 2 12 = 4096. Metrology systems and devices may use several basic methods to increase their basic dynamic range.
An octave—two notes that have a frequency ratio of 2:1—spans twelve semitones and therefore 1200 cents. The ratio of frequencies one cent apart is precisely equal to 2 1 ⁄ 1200 = 1200 √ 2, the 1200th root of 2, which is approximately 1.000 577 7895. Thus, raising a frequency by one cent corresponds to multiplying the original frequency ...
The Maneri-Sims notation system designed for 72 EDO uses the accidentals ↓ and ↑ for 1 / 12 tone down and up (1 step = 16 + 2 / 3 cents), and for 1 / 6 down and up (2 steps = 33 + 1 / 3 cents), and and for septimal 1 / 4 up and down (3 steps = 50 cents = half a 12 EDO sharp).
Two-tone testing is a means of testing electronic components and systems, particularly radio systems, for intermodulation distortion. It consists of simultaneously injecting two sinusoidal signals of different frequencies (tones) into the component or system.
Measurement is usually made on a 3.15 kHz (or sometimes 3 kHz) tone, a frequency chosen because it is high enough to give good resolution, but low enough not to be affected by drop-outs and high-frequency losses. Ideally, flutter should be measured using a pre-recorded tone free from flutter.
An audio analyzer is a test and measurement instrument used to objectively quantify the audio performance of electronic and electro-acoustical devices. Audio quality metrics cover a wide variety of parameters, including level, gain, noise, harmonic and intermodulation distortion, frequency response, relative phase of signals, interchannel crosstalk, and more.