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The input hypothesis, also known as the monitor model, is a group of five hypotheses of second-language acquisition developed by the linguist Stephen Krashen in the 1970s and 1980s. Krashen originally formulated the input hypothesis as just one of the five hypotheses, but over time the term has come to refer to the five hypotheses as a group.
Stephen D. Krashen (born May 14, 1941) is an American linguist, educational researcher and activist, who is Emeritus Professor of Education at the University of Southern California. [1] He moved from the linguistics department to the faculty of the School of Education in 1994.
By the 1980s, the theories of Stephen Krashen’s had become the prominent paradigm in the field of SLA. In his theories, often collectively known as the Input Hypothesis, Krashen suggested that language acquisition is driven solely by comprehensible input, language input that learners can understand. Krashen's model was influential in the ...
The comprehensible output theory is closely related to the need hypothesis, which states that we acquire language forms only when we need to communicate or make ourselves understood. [4] If this hypothesis is correct, then language acquirers must be forced to speak. According to Stephen Krashen, the Need Hypothesis is
The natural approach is a method of language teaching developed by Stephen Krashen and Tracy Terrell in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The Natural Approach has been used in ESL classes as well as foreign language classes for people of all ages and in various educational settings, from primary schools to universities. [1]
Krashen, Stephen (1982). Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0-08-028628-0. Archived from the original on March 12, 2012. Krashen, Stephen (1994). "The input hypothesis and its rivals". In Ellis, Nick (ed.). Implicit and Explicit Learning of Languages. London: Academic Press. pp. 45– 77.
Indirect evidence from past studies concerning L1 acquisition and sociolinguistic characteristics of non-native speakers are used to support the theory. Along with the influence of Krashen's work concerning the input hypothesis, Long's interaction hypothesis was partly influenced by Evelyn Marcussen Hatch's 1978 work on interaction and ...
The comprehension approach is most strongly associated with the linguists Harris Winitz, Stephen Krashen, [2] Tracy D. Terrell and James J. Asher.The comprehension-based methodology most commonly found in classrooms is Asher's Total Physical Response approach; [3] Krashen and Terrell's Natural Approach [4] has not been widely applied.