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William E. Cross Jr. (1940 - December 5, 2024) was a theorist and researcher in the field of ethnic identity development, specifically Black identity development. [1] He is best known for his nigrescence model, first detailed in a 1971 publication, and his book, Shades of Black, published in 1991.
[7] [41] William Cross proposed a prominent model of Black racial identity called the Nigrescence theory. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] Lastly, the reconstructionist approach examines the ways in which racism influences interactions between Black and White people. [ 7 ]
This model is depicted in the 6th episode of the 2023 TV series Unprisoned. [4] [circular reference] Charles Thomas came up with the concept of negromachy. He believed there was a confusion of self-worth where the person shows inappropriate dependence on white society for self definition. He created a five-stage nigrescence model.
In this reaction paper to William E. Cross Jr.’s Nigrescence Model of African American identity development, Akbar reviews some of the limitations that he sees in the model and others articles that have expanded upon Cross’ model. [10] Akbar notes that Cross’ theory was drafted as a reaction to the sociopolitical environment at the time ...
Nursing Interventions: A nursing intervention is defined as a single nursing action – treatment, procedure or activity – designed to achieve an outcome to a diagnosis, nursing or medical, for which the nurse is accountable. [12] Patient services are usually initiated as medical orders by a referring physician and reviewed by the admitting ...
The White Racial Identity Model was developed by an African American psychologist, Janet Helms in 1992. [3] It is a racial and ethnic identity model created specifically for people who identify as White. This theory, heavily influenced by William Cross, has become a widely referenced and studied theory on White racial identity development. [4]
The NOC is a system to evaluate the effects of nursing care as a part of the nursing process. The NOC contains 330 outcomes, and each with a label, a definition, and a set of indicators and measures to determine achievement of the nursing outcome and are included The terminology is an American Nurses' Association -recognized terminology, is ...
The second two levels form a taxonomy in which each intervention is grouped into 27 classes, and each class is grouped into six domains. An intent of this structure is to make it easier for a nurse to select an intervention for the situation, and to use a computer to describe the intervention in terms of standardized labels for classes and domains.