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William E. Cross Jr. (1940 - December 5, 2024) was a theorist and researcher in the field of ethnic identity development, specifically Black identity development. [1] He is best known for his nigrescence model, first detailed in a 1971 publication, and his book, Shades of Black, published in 1991.
[7] [41] William Cross proposed a prominent model of Black racial identity called the Nigrescence theory. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] Lastly, the reconstructionist approach examines the ways in which racism influences interactions between Black and White people. [ 7 ]
Nigrescence is a word with a Latin origin. It describes a process of becoming Black or developing a racial identity. Nigrescence extends through history and impacts those victimized by racism and white supremacy. Recent psychological adaptations instigated identity formation for persons of African American descent.
The White Racial Identity Model was developed by an African American psychologist, Janet Helms in 1992. [3] It is a racial and ethnic identity model created specifically for people who identify as White. This theory, heavily influenced by William Cross, has become a widely referenced and studied theory on White racial identity development. [4]
Both processes consist of four sequential phases, in which an individual can reside in a different phase for each process: Awareness: perceiving oneself as different from other people; Exploration: investigating feelings of attraction for individuals of the same sex; Deepening/Commitment: internalizing the sense of self as a gay or lesbian person
Van Geert assumed that the basic growth model is the so-called "logistic growth model", which suggests that the development of mental processes follows an S-like pattern of change. That is, at the beginning, change is very slow and hardly noticeable; after a given point in time, however, it occurs very rapidly so that the process or ability ...
The Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model was proposed in 1968 by Richard C. Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin. This model illustrates their theory of the human memory. These two theorists used this model to show that the human memory can be broken in to three sub-sections: Sensory Memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. [9]
The nursing process is a modified scientific method which is a fundamental part of nursing practices in many countries around the world. [1] [2] [3] Nursing practise was first described as a four-stage nursing process by Ida Jean Orlando in 1958. [4] It should not be confused with nursing theories or health informatics. The diagnosis phase was ...