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  2. Vector calculus identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_calculus_identities

    G: gradient, L: Laplacian, CC: curl of curl. Each arrow is labeled with the result of an identity, specifically, the result of applying the operator at the arrow's tail to the operator at its head. The blue circle in the middle means curl of curl exists, whereas the other two red circles (dashed) mean that DD and GG do not exist.

  3. Circular motion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_motion

    Since weight is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the object at the top of the circle and the centripetal force points downwards, the normal force will point down as well. From a logical standpoint, a person travelling in that plane will be upside down at the top of the circle.

  4. Tangent lines to circles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent_lines_to_circles

    The radius of a circle is perpendicular to the tangent line through its endpoint on the circle's circumference. Conversely, the perpendicular to a radius through the same endpoint is a tangent line. The resulting geometrical figure of circle and tangent line has a reflection symmetry about the axis of the radius.

  5. Radius of curvature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius_of_curvature

    where c ∈ ℝ n is the center of the circle (irrelevant since it disappears in the derivatives), a,b ∈ ℝ n are perpendicular vectors of length ρ (that is, a · a = b · b = ρ 2 and a · b = 0), and h : ℝ → ℝ is an arbitrary function which is twice differentiable at t. The relevant derivatives of g work out to be

  6. Polar coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_coordinate_system

    An axis of rotation is set up that is perpendicular to the plane of motion of the particle, and passing through this origin. Then, at the selected moment t, the rate of rotation of the co-rotating frame Ω is made to match the rate of rotation of the particle about this axis, dφ/dt. Next, the terms in the acceleration in the inertial frame are ...

  7. Guiding center - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiding_center

    Since the magnetic Lorentz force is always perpendicular to the magnetic field, it has no influence (to lowest order) on the parallel motion. In a uniform field with no additional forces, a charged particle will gyrate around the magnetic field according to the perpendicular component of its velocity and drift parallel to the field according to its initial parallel velocity, resulting in a ...

  8. Tangential and normal components - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangential_and_normal...

    Illustration of tangential and normal components of a vector to a surface. In mathematics, given a vector at a point on a curve, that vector can be decomposed uniquely as a sum of two vectors, one tangent to the curve, called the tangential component of the vector, and another one perpendicular to the curve, called the normal component of the vector.

  9. Negative pedal curve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_pedal_curve

    Circle — negative pedal curve of a limaçon. In geometry, a negative pedal curve is a plane curve that can be constructed from another plane curve C and a fixed point P on that curve. For each point X ≠ P on the curve C, the negative pedal curve has a tangent that passes through X and is perpendicular to line XP.