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  2. Bernoulli distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_distribution

    It can be used to represent a (possibly biased) coin toss where 1 and 0 would represent "heads" and "tails", respectively, and p would be the probability of the coin landing on heads (or vice versa where 1 would represent tails and p would be the probability of tails). In particular, unfair coins would have /

  3. Entropy (information theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_(information_theory)

    The entropy of the unknown result of the next toss of the coin is maximized if the coin is fair (that is, if heads and tails both have equal probability 1/2). This is the situation of maximum uncertainty as it is most difficult to predict the outcome of the next toss; the result of each toss of the coin delivers one full bit of information.

  4. Method of conditional probabilities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_conditional...

    Lemma: It is possible to flip three coins so that the number of tails is at least 2. Probabilistic proof. If the three coins are flipped randomly, the expected number of tails is 1.5. Thus, there must be some outcome (way of flipping the coins) so that the number of tails is at least 1.5.

  5. Probability distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution

    For instance, if X is used to denote the outcome of a coin toss ("the experiment"), then the probability distribution of X would take the value 0.5 (1 in 2 or 1/2) for X = heads, and 0.5 for X = tails (assuming that the coin is fair). More commonly, probability distributions are used to compare the relative occurrence of many different random ...

  6. Checking whether a coin is fair - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checking_whether_a_coin_is...

    (Note: r is the probability of obtaining heads when tossing the same coin once.) Plot of the probability density f(r | H = 7, T = 3) = 1320 r 7 (1 − r) 3 with r ranging from 0 to 1. The probability for an unbiased coin (defined for this purpose as one whose probability of coming down heads is somewhere between 45% and 55%)

  7. Bernoulli process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_process

    A Bernoulli process is a finite or infinite sequence of independent random variables X 1, X 2, X 3, ..., such that . for each i, the value of X i is either 0 or 1;; for all values of , the probability p that X i = 1 is the same.

  8. Likelihood function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihood_function

    Consider a simple statistical model of a coin flip: a single parameter that expresses the "fairness" of the coin. The parameter is the probability that a coin lands heads up ("H") when tossed. can take on any value within the range 0.0 to 1.0. For a perfectly fair coin, =. Imagine flipping a fair coin twice, and observing two heads in two ...

  9. St. Petersburg paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg_paradox

    The St. Petersburg paradox or St. Petersburg lottery [1] is a paradox involving the game of flipping a coin where the expected payoff of the lottery game is infinite but nevertheless seems to be worth only a very small amount to the participants. The St. Petersburg paradox is a situation where a naïve decision criterion that takes only the ...