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A null allele is a gene variant that lacks the gene's normal function because it either is not expressed, or the expressed protein is inactive. For example, at the gene locus for the ABO blood type carbohydrate antigens in humans, [13] classical genetics recognizes three alleles, I A, I B, and i, which determine compatibility of blood transfusions.
Genotype can also be used to refer to the alleles or variants an individual carries in a particular gene or genetic location. [2] The number of alleles an individual can have in a specific gene depends on the number of copies of each chromosome found in that species, also referred to as ploidy. In diploid species like humans, two full sets of ...
The Fxy or Mid1 gene in some mammals closely related to house mice (humans, rats, and other Mus species) is located in the sex-linked region of the X chromosome. However, in Mus musculus, it has recently translocated such that the 3’ end of the gene overlaps with the PAR region of the X-chromosome, which is known to be a recombination hotspot ...
In bacteria, transformation is a process of gene transfer that ordinarily occurs between individual cells of the same bacterial species. Transformation involves integration of donor DNA into the recipient chromosome by recombination. This process appears to be an adaptation for repairing DNA damages in the recipient chromosome by HRR. [13]
A diploid organism is heterozygous at a gene locus when its cells contain two different alleles (one wild-type allele and one mutant allele) of a gene. [3] The cell or organism is called a heterozygote specifically for the allele in question, and therefore, heterozygosity refers to a specific genotype. Heterozygous genotypes are represented by ...
Genes tell cells what to do by telling them which proteins to make and in what amounts. Genes are expressed by being transcribed into RNA, and this RNA then translated into protein. Proteins are made of a chain of 20 different types of amino acid molecules. This chain folds up into a compact shape, rather like an untidy ball of string.
In comparative genomics, synteny is the preserved order of genes on chromosomes of related species indicating their descent from a common ancestor.Synteny provides a framework in which the conservation of homologous genes and gene order is identified between genomes of different species. [9]
At each gene tree, taxa that fixed the same allele will show closer phylogenetic similarity than taxa that fixed different alleles. Introgressive hybridization - hybridization resulting in the transfer of a gene or genetic tract from one species into the gene pool of another species by repeated backcrossing.