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In economics, Gresham's law is a monetary principle stating that "bad money drives out good". For example, if there are two forms of commodity money in circulation, which are accepted by law as having similar face value , the more valuable commodity will gradually disappear from circulation.
In most economic bubbles, there is no single person or group misrepresenting the intrinsic value. A common exception is a pump and dump scheme (typically involving buyers and holders of thinly-traded stocks), which much more closely resembles a Ponzi scheme than other types of bubbles.
Cressey is credited with the theory of the "fraud triangle," three elements that are present in most cases of occupational fraud. [5] Cressey himself did not use this term during his lifetime. [ 6 ] For two of the three motivational factors identified by Cressey, he drew on the thoughts of the US-American sociologist of German-Danish origin ...
Franchise fraud is defined by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation as a pyramid scheme. The FBI website states: Pyramid schemes—also referred to as franchise fraud or chain referral schemes—are marketing and investment frauds in which an individual is offered a distributorship or franchise to market a particular product.
Positive economics as a science concerns the investigation of economic behavior. [4] It deals with empirical facts as well as cause-and-effect relationships. It emphasizes that economic theories must be consistent with existing observations and produce precise, verifiable predictions about the phenomena under investigation.
Nutritional science (also nutrition science, sometimes short nutrition, dated trophology [1]) is the science that studies the physiological process of nutrition (primarily human nutrition), interpreting the nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism.
The sociology of food is the study of food and how it relates to the history, progression, and future development of society. Studies includes the production and consumption of food as well as its medical, spiritual and ethical applications.
The wage–fund doctrine is a concept from early economic theory that seeks to show that the amount of money a worker earns in wages, paid to them from a fixed amount of funds available to employers each year (), is determined by the relationship of wages and capital to any changes in population.