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In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group with the formula C=O, composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom, and it is divalent at the C atom. It is common to several classes of organic compounds (such as aldehydes , ketones and carboxylic acid ), as part of many larger functional groups.
The α-carbon (alpha-carbon) refers to the first carbon atom that attaches to a functional group, such as a carbonyl. The second carbon atom is called the β-carbon ( beta -carbon), the third is the γ-carbon ( gamma -carbon), and the naming system continues in alphabetical order.
The α carbon atom of the enolate ion is sp 2-hybridized and has a p orbital that overlaps the neighboring carbonyl p orbitals. Thus, the negative charge is shared by the electronegative oxygen atom, and the enolate ion is stabilized by resonance .
The carbon monoxide ligand may be bound terminally to a single metal atom or bridging to two or more metal atoms. These complexes may be homoleptic , containing only CO ligands, such as nickel tetracarbonyl (Ni(CO) 4 ), but more commonly metal carbonyls are heteroleptic and contain a mixture of ligands.
Double bonds occur most commonly between two carbon atoms, for example in alkenes. Many double bonds exist between two different elements: for example, in a carbonyl group between a carbon atom and an oxygen atom.
The cyano group in HCN can add to the carbonyl group to form cyanohydrins, R−CH(OH)CN. In this reaction the CN − ion is the nucleophile that attacks the partially positive carbon atom of the carbonyl group. The mechanism involves a pair of electrons from the carbonyl-group double bond transferring to the oxygen atom, leaving it single ...
A carbon–oxygen bond is a polar covalent bond between atoms of carbon and oxygen. [1] [2] [3]: 16–22 Carbon–oxygen bonds are found in many inorganic compounds such as carbon oxides and oxohalides, carbonates and metal carbonyls, [4] and in organic compounds such as alcohols, ethers, and carbonyl compounds.
An aldehyde differs from a ketone in that it has a hydrogen atom attached to its carbonyl group, making aldehydes easier to oxidize. Ketones do not have a hydrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl group, and are therefore more resistant to oxidation. They are oxidized only by powerful oxidizing agents which have the ability to cleave carbon–carbon ...