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The medieval Bulgarian Empire had active relations with Eastern Thrace before the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans in the 14th–15th century: the area was often part of the Bulgarian state under its stronger rulers from Krum's reign on, such as Simeon I and Ivan Asen II; the city of Edirne (Adrianople, Odrin) was under Bulgarian control a number of times.
On 5 October 1908, Bulgaria finally declared its complete independence as the Kingdom of Bulgaria. In the Balkan Wars, Bulgaria was able to conquer more territories from the Ottomans and the current border between Bulgaria and Turkey was established in 1913 with the Treaty of Constantinople, which ended the state of war between the two sides. [1]
In the 2021 Census, 508,378 people stated that they were Turkish with 447,893 or 89.1% of Bulgarian Turks, stated that their religion was Islam, with 4,435 or 0.9% said followed Eastern Orthodox Christianity, while 13,195 or 2.6% said they had no religion and rest the 7.4% refused to answer or leave a reply according to the 2021 census.
[4] [5] It has also been suggested that some Turks living today in Bulgaria may be direct ethnic descendants of earlier medieval Pecheneg, Oğuz, and Cuman Turkic tribes. [6] [7] [8] The Turkish community became an ethnic minority when the Principality of Bulgaria was established after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878.
Bulgarian Turks constitute a substantial portion of Bulgaria's Muslim population. While Muslims of all ethnicities (Turks, Pomaks, Muslim Roma, Albanians and Tatars among others) were affected by the "Revival Process", many Muslim Bulgarian nationals were referred to as "Turks" by the Bulgarian government whether ethnically Turkish or not and vica versa.
The history of Ottoman Bulgaria spans nearly 500 years, beginning in the late 14th century, with the Ottoman conquest of smaller kingdoms from the disintegrating Second Bulgarian Empire. In the late 19th century, Bulgaria was liberated from the Ottoman Empire , and by the early 20th century it was declared independent .
Bulgarisation (Bulgarian: българизация), also known as Bulgarianisation (Bulgarian: побългаряване) is the spread of Bulgarian culture beyond the Bulgarian ethnic space. Historically, unsuccessful assimilation efforts in Bulgaria were primarily directed at Muslims, most notably Bulgarian Turks , but non-Islamic groups ...
After the exchange, in 1914 there still remained 14,908 Bulgarians belonging to the Bulgarian Exarchate in Ottoman Empire, 2,502 in Edirne, including the area that was ceded to Bulgaria in 1915, 3,339 in Constantinople and its environs and 338 in Çatalca. [5] Their descendants in contemporary Bulgaria are about 800,000 people.