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Data communication, including data transmission and data reception, is the transfer of data, transmitted and received over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel. Examples of such channels are copper wires , optical fibers , wireless communication using radio spectrum , storage media and computer buses .
Shannon and Weaver identify and address problems in the study of communication at three basic levels: technical, semantic, and effectiveness problems (referred to as levels A, B, and C). [ 12 ] [ 10 ] Shannon and Weaver hold that models of communication should provide good responses to all three problems, ideally by showing how to make ...
That leads to the final problem of the original model -- assuming that all the media encode texts within the dominant ideology and thus suggesting that media is homogeneous in nature. [14] In order to address these problems, Ross [14] suggests two steps in modifying the original model. The first step is to distinguish between the graphical ...
The problem of communication was already discussed in Ancient Greece but the field of communication studies only developed into a separate research discipline in the middle of the 20th century. All early models were linear transmission models, like Lasswell's model , the Shannon–Weaver model , Gerbner's model, and Berlo's model .
Data cap; Data Cap Integrity Act; Data circuit-terminating equipment; Data dissemination; Data link; Data over signalling; Data Radio Channel; Data-rate units; Data signaling rate; Data-dependent jitter; Datex code; Degree of isochronous distortion; Degree of start-stop distortion; Differential coding; Digital Audio Access Protocol; Digital ...
Getting the data across a network is only part of the problem for a protocol. The data received has to be evaluated in the context of the progress of the conversation, so a protocol must include rules describing the context. These kinds of rules are said to express the syntax of the communication. Other rules determine whether the data is ...
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Data in the header is used by networking hardware to direct the packet to its destination, where the payload is extracted and used by an operating system, application software, or higher layer protocols. Packet switching is the primary basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide.