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Epitestosterone, or isotestosterone, also known as 17α-testosterone or as androst-4-en-17α-ol-3-one, is an endogenous steroid and an epimer of the androgen sex hormone testosterone. It is a weak competitive antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR) and a potent 5α-reductase inhibitor .
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and androgen in males. [3] In humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testicles and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair.
Stunted growth, also known as stunting or linear growth failure, is defined as impaired growth and development manifested by low height-for-age. [1] It is a manifestation of malnutrition and can be caused by endogenous factors (such as chronic food insecurity ) or exogenous factors (such as parasitic infection ).
Dogs with primary hypothyroidism also have increased levels of growth hormone and IGF-1; however, thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone levels are normal in dogs with hypersomatotropism. [ 1 ] Progestogens administered to dogs may result in endogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion being suppressed, which lowers the cortisol ...
In mice, prenatal testosterone transfer causes higher blood concentrations of testosterone in 2M females when compared to 1M or 0M females. [6] This has a variety of consequences on later female behavior, physiology, and morphology. Below is a table comparing physiological, morphological, and behavioral differences of 0M and 2M female mice. [1]
They are completely insensitive to the AR-mediated effects of androgens like testosterone, and show a perfectly female phenotype despite having testosterone levels in the high end of the normal male range. [159] These women have little or no sebum production, incidence of acne, or body hair growth (including in the pubic and axillary areas). [159]
Testosterone increases body weight (and increases appetite). The form that this weight gain will take depends on diet and exercise as well as genetic factors. Since testosterone has anabolic effects, gain of lean muscle mass will be easier than it previously was for transgender men.
Testosterone undecanoate is a testosterone ester and a prodrug of testosterone in the body. [10] [9] [7] Because of this, it is considered to be a natural and bioidentical form of testosterone. [17] Testosterone undecanoate was introduced in China for use by injection and in the European Union for use by mouth in the 1970s.