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In the medieval ages, Jews were recorded as living in Ljubljana in 1213, in Rijeka in 1346, and in Split in 1397. [2] These older Jewish communities predated the arrival of Sephardi Jews and merged with the newer populations that came from Spain and Portugal. Most Jews arrived in the Balkans in the 1490s after the Spanish Inquisition. [3]
The Balkans theatre or Balkan campaign was a theatre of World War I fought between the Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany and the Ottoman Empire) and the Allies (Serbia, Montenegro, France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and later, Greece). The offensive began in 1914 with three failed Austro-Hungarian offensives into Serbia.
The Jewish communities of the Balkans remained small until the late 15th century, when Jews fleeing the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions found refuge in the Ottoman-ruled areas, including Serbia. The community flourished and reached a peak of 33,000, of whom almost 90% were living in Belgrade and Vojvodina, before World War II .
Jews were drafted into the Bulgarian army and fought in the Serbo-Bulgarian War (1885), in the Balkan Wars (1912–13), and in the First World War. 211 Jewish soldiers of the Bulgarian army were recorded as having died during World War I. [3] The Treaty of Neuilly after World War I emphasized Jews' equality with other Bulgarian citizens.
Jewish communities also spread through the Balkans at this time, while the Jews were primarily Romaniotes. [ 22 ] [ need quotation to verify ] In a Greek-influenced "Byzantine commonwealth", the Greek Christian culture and also the Romaniote culture influenced the emerging societies both of the Christian and of the Jewish communities of the ...
This was the taking (enslaving) of non-Muslim boys, [17] notably Anatolian and Balkan Christians; Jews were never subject to devşirme. There is however evidence that Jews tried to enroll into the system. Jews were not allowed in the janissary army, and so in suspected cases, the entire batch would be sent to the Imperial Arsenal as
Additionally, there were regular bombardments of Serbian territories by the aviation and Bulgarian artillery which were operating on the Balkan front around the end of 1916. [60] At the same time, there was a prohibition of Serbian culture; Bulgarians systematically looted Serbian monasteries and the toponymy of villages was changed to ...
Tombstone of Zalmen Berger (d. 1915), a Jewish soldier who fell while serving in the German army during World War I, Jarosław, Poland. Feldrabbiner Aaron Tänzer during World War I, with the ribbon of the Iron Cross and a Star of David, 1917 Fritz Beckhardt in his Siemens-Schuckert D.III fighter of Jasta 26; the reversed swastika insignia was a good luck symbol.