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The restoration ideal has been interpreted and applied in a variety of ways. [1]: 635 Four general historical models can be identified based on the aspect of early Christianity that the individuals and groups involved were attempting to restore. [1]: 635 These are: Ecclesiastical Primitivism; [1]: 635 Ethical Primitivism; [1]: 635
Early leaders of the Restoration Movement (clockwise, from top): Thomas Campbell, Barton W. Stone, Alexander Campbell, and Walter Scott. The Restoration Movement (also known as the American Restoration Movement or the Stone–Campbell Movement, and pejoratively as Campbellism) is a Christian movement that began on the United States frontier during the Second Great Awakening (1790–1840) of ...
[3]: 108 Both saw restoring apostolic Christianity as a means of hastening the millennium. [3]: 108 Both also saw restoring the early church as a route to Christian freedom. [3]: 108 And, both believed that unity among Christians could be achieved by using apostolic Christianity as a model.
Early Christians gathered in small private homes, [2] known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a "church"—the Greek noun ἐκκλησία (ekklesia) literally means "assembly", "gathering", or "congregation" [3] [4] but is translated as "church" in most English translations of the New Testament.
While restoring primitive Christianity was central to the Stone movement, they saw restoring the lifestyle of the early church as essential, and during the early years "focused more . . . on holy and righteous living than on the forms and structures of the early church. [7]: 103 The group did also seek to restore the primitive church.
Christianismi Restitutio (The Restoration of Christianity) was a book published anonymously in a clandestine workshop in 1553 by Michael Servetus, after it had been rejected by a publisher in Basel. [1]
The early Christian apologist Tertullian recorded that footwashing was a regular part of early Christian worship. [154] Footwashing was done with a basin "of water for the saints' feet" and a "linen towel". [151] Being commanded in John 13, footwashing done in the imitation of Jesus was a rite encouraged by Origen. [154]
Christian revival is defined as "a period of unusual blessing and activity in the life of the Christian Church". [1] Proponents view revivals as the restoration of the Church to a vital and fervent relationship with God after a period of moral decline, instigated by God, as opposed to an evangelistic campaign.