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Concept maps may be used by instructional designers, engineers, technical writers, and others to organize and structure knowledge. A concept map typically represents ideas and information as boxes or circles, which it connects with labeled arrows, often in a downward-branching hierarchical structure but also in free-form maps.
In the classroom, this hierarchical organization was used by the teacher as a pre-reading strategy to show relationships among vocabulary. Its use later expanded for not only pre-reading strategies but for supplementary and post-reading activities. It was not until the 1980s that the term graphic organizer was used. [7]
Thinking Maps were intended to standardize the language and visual organization used in education, which the company believed would close the achievement gap by establishing common ground. The idea was that if all children have the same background knowledge, less time would be spent teaching and re-teaching thought processes.
A mind map is a diagram used to visually organize information into a hierarchy, showing relationships among pieces of the whole. [1] It is often based on a single concept, drawn as an image in the center of a blank page, to which associated representations of ideas such as images, words and parts of words are added.
This Wiki description is actually an advertisement for a system of diagrammatic thinking derived from Section 3 of Upton & Sampson's out of print workbook text, Creative Analysis, for which Innovative Sciences held (or still holds) the copyright. Creative analysis, in turn is based upon Albert Upton's book, Design for Thinking (Pacific Press).
Cognitive maps have been studied in various fields, such as psychology, education, archaeology, planning, geography, cartography, architecture, landscape architecture, urban planning, management and history. [6] Because of the broad use and study of cognitive maps, it has become a colloquialism for almost any mental representation or model. [6]
Thinking schools adopt two or more existing thinking strategies such as Feuerstein's theory of Structured Cognitive Modifiability, Lipman's Philosophy for Children, or De Bono's Six Hat Thinking. But Thinking schools must have the written backing of governors, management, ownership by the staff and to broadcast their adoption on the school website.
[2]: 13 In later writings, Cabrera describes D, S, R, and P as "patterns of thinking", and expands upon the implications of these thinking skills. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The DSRP theory is a mathematical formalism of systems thinking and cognition , built on the philosophical underpinnings of constructivism and evolutionary epistemology .