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Mathieu function. In mathematics, Mathieu functions, sometimes called angular Mathieu functions, are solutions of Mathieu's differential equation. where a, q are real -valued parameters. Since we may add π/2 to x to change the sign of q, it is a usual convention to set q ≥ 0.
Inverted pendulum. Balancing cart, a simple robotics system circa 1976. The cart contains a servo system that monitors the angle of the rod and moves the cart back and forth to keep it upright. An inverted pendulum is a pendulum that has its center of mass above its pivot point. It is unstable and falls over without additional help.
The Poincaré–Lindstedt method allows for the creation of an approximation that is accurate for all time, as follows. In addition to expressing the solution itself as an asymptotic series, form another series with which to scale time t: where. We have the leading order ω0 = 1, because when , the equation has solution .
Double-loop learning. Double-loop learning entails the modification of goals or decision-making rules in the light of experience. The first loop uses the goals or decision-making rules, the second loop enables their modification, hence "double-loop". Double-loop learning recognises that the way a problem is defined and solved can be a source of ...
The polyhedral model (also called the polytope method) is a mathematical framework for programs that perform large numbers of operations -- too large to be explicitly enumerated -- thereby requiring a compact representation. Nested loop programs are the typical, but not the only example, and the most common use of the model is for loop nest ...
In mechanics and physics, simple harmonic motion (sometimes abbreviated SHM) is a special type of periodic motion an object experiences by means of a restoring force whose magnitude is directly proportional to the distance of the object from an equilibrium position and acts towards the equilibrium position. It results in an oscillation that is ...
Van der Pol oscillator. In the study of dynamical systems, the van der Pol oscillator (named for Dutch physicist Balthasar van der Pol) is a non- conservative, oscillating system with non-linear damping. It evolves in time according to the second-order differential equation where x is the position coordinate —which is a function of the time t ...
e. Active learning is a special case of machine learning in which a learning algorithm can interactively query a human user (or some other information source), to label new data points with the desired outputs. The human user must possess knowledge/expertise in the problem domain, including the ability to consult/research authoritative sources ...