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The movements of the muscles in the forehead produce characteristic wrinkles in the skin. The occipitofrontalis muscles produce the transverse wrinkles across the width of the forehead, and the corrugator supercilii muscles produce vertical wrinkles between the eyebrows above the nose. The procerus muscles cause the nose to wrinkle. [6]
The brow ridges are often not well expressed in human females, as pictured above in a female skull, and are most easily seen in profile. The brow ridge, or supraorbital ridge known as superciliary arch in medicine, is a bony ridge located above the eye sockets of all primates and some other animals.
Modern humans commonly have a steep, even vertical forehead whereas their predecessors had foreheads that sloped strongly backwards. [100] According to Desmond Morris, the vertical forehead in humans plays an important role in human communication through eyebrow movements and forehead skin wrinkling. [101]
The Neanderthal chin and forehead sloped backwards and the nose region protruded forward more than in modern humans. The common shapes of the nose are not known but it was more protrusive and large than modern humans especially in the passageways, so Neanderthals could use energy much more efficiently than modern humans. [ 9 ]
In the human skull, the frontal bone or sincipital bone is a unpaired bone which consists of two portions. [1] These are the vertically oriented squamous part, and the horizontally oriented orbital part, making up the bony part of the forehead, part of the bony orbital cavity holding the eye, and part of the bony part of the nose respectively.
The corrugator supercilii muscle acts upon the skin of the forehead superior to the middle of the supraorbital margin, [1] drawing the eyebrow inferomedially to produce vertical wrinkles of the forehead [3] just superior to the nose. [1] It is the "frowning" muscle, and may be regarded as the principal muscle in the expression of suffering. [4]
The skull displays many of the "classic" examples of Neanderthal anatomy, including a low, sloping forehead and large nasal openings.The teeth are well preserved and the incisors are heavily worn down, suggesting they were used to hold objects. His leg and foot bones make it clear that Neanderthals walked upright like modern humans.
Butte – Isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top; Canyon – Deep chasm between cliffs; Cliff – Tall, near vertical rock face; Col – Lowest point on a mountain ridge between two peaks; Cuesta – Hill or ridge with a gentle slope on one side and a steep slope on the other