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The self-discrepancy theory states that individuals compare their "actual" self to internalized standards or the "ideal/ought self". Inconsistencies between "actual", "ideal" (idealized version of yourself created from life experiences) and "ought" (who persons feel they should be or should become) are associated with emotional discomforts (e.g., fear, threat, restlessness).
Edward Tory Higgins (born March 12, 1946) is the Stanley Schachter Professor of Psychology and Business, [1] and Director of the Motivation Science Center [2] at Columbia University. Higgins' research areas include motivation and cognition , judgment and decision-making , and social cognition .
In particular, research using self-discrepancy theory developed by Tory Higgins focuses on two types of standards, ought and ideal standards. [12] Ought standards represent self-states that relate to other's beliefs about the responsibilities or duties. Ideal standards represent self-states that relate to an individual's goals or ambitions.
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In 1987, Tory Higgins developed the self-discrepancy theory, and described three main forms of self: actual self, ideal self, and ought self. Actual self is the set of qualities and characteristics that a person actually possesses, the ideal self contains the attributes that a person hopes to someday achieve, and the ought self contains the ...
This theory is part of E. Tory Higgins research in motivation theories and goal pursuit theories. People can either use the locomotion or the assessment method for goal-pursuit. E. Tory Higgins states, "When people self-regulate they decide what they want that they don’t currently have. They then figure out what they need to do to get what ...
others, women outscored men most significantly on “takes initiative,” “practices self-development,” “displays high integrity and honesty,” and “drives for results.”25 A better diversity climate is related to lower intent to leave. Researchers found that decreased turnover intentions were associated with employees’
The teenage student and substitute teacher who were killed during the shooting at a Christian school in Madison, Wisconsin, on Monday have been identified, as new details about the alleged shooter ...