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Case: California electricity crisis, which demonstrates how constant innovation of new marketing strategies by companies such as Enron outwitted the regulatory bodies and caused substantial harm to consumers and competitors. A list of known unethical or controversial marketing strategies: Anti-competitive practices; Bait and switch; Planned ...
Ethical marketing. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-184814-6. OCLC 54805964. Laczniak, Eugene R; Robert F Lusch; William A Strang (1978). Ethical marketing : product vs. process. Madison: Graduate School of Business, University of Wisconsin-Madison. OCLC 33226121. Ginsburg, Roy S (2006). Ethical marketing skills for ...
A boycott was launched in the United States on July 4, 1977, against the Swiss-based multinational food and drink processing corporation Nestlé.The boycott expanded into Europe in the early 1980s and was prompted by concerns about Nestlé's aggressive marketing of infant formulas (i.e., substitutes for breast milk), particularly in underdeveloped countries.
Multi-level marketing (MLM), also called network marketing [1] or pyramid selling, [2] [3] [4] is a controversial [4] and sometimes illegal marketing strategy for the sale of products or services in which the revenue of the MLM company is derived from a non-salaried workforce selling the company's products or services, while the earnings of the participants are derived from a pyramid-shaped or ...
Concern about Nestlé's "aggressive marketing" of their breast milk substitutes, particularly in less economically developed countries (LEDCs), first arose in the 1970s. [2] Critics have accused Nestlé of discouraging mothers from breastfeeding and suggesting that their baby formula is healthier than breastfeeding through marketing campaigns ...
Marketing ethics came of age only as late as the 1990s. [103] Marketing ethics was approached from ethical perspectives of virtue or virtue ethics, deontology, consequentialism, pragmatism and relativism. [104] [105] Ethics in marketing deals with the principles, values and/or ideas by which marketers (and marketing institutions) ought to act ...
False or deceptive practice in relation to a specific list of key factors; Omission of material information (unclear or untimely information) Aggressive practice by harassment, coercion or undue influence; These elements of deceptive advertising may impair a consumer's ability to make an informed decision, limiting their freedom of choice.
Dumping, also known as predatory pricing, is a commercial strategy for which a company sells a product at an aggressively low price in a competitive market at a loss.A company with large market share and the ability to temporarily sacrifice selling a product or service at below average cost can drive competitors out of the market, [1] after which the company would be free to raise prices for a ...