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2. Real image - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_image

   A real image is the collection of focus points actually made by converging/diverging rays, while a virtual image is the collection of focus points made by extensions of diverging or converging rays. In other words, a real image is an image which is located in the plane of convergence for the light rays that originate from a given object.

3. Knot theory - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_theory

   To gain further insight, mathematicians have generalized the knot concept in several ways. Knots can be considered in other three-dimensional spaces and objects other than circles can be used; see knot (mathematics). For example, a higher-dimensional knot is an n-dimensional sphere embedded in (n+2)-dimensional Euclidean space.

4. Five-dimensional space - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-dimensional_space

   Therefore, the geometry of the 5th dimension studies the invariant properties of such space-time, as we move within it, expressed in formal equations. [11] Fifth dimensional geometry is generally represented using 5 coordinate values (x,y,z,w,v), where moving along the v axis involves moving between different hyper-volumes. [12]

5. Representation (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_(mathematics)

   In mathematics, a representation is a very general relationship that expresses similarities (or equivalences) between mathematical objects or structures.Roughly speaking, a collection Y of mathematical objects may be said to represent another collection X of objects, provided that the properties and relationships existing among the representing objects y i conform, in some consistent way, to ...

6. Ray (optics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_(optics)

   In physics, ray tracing is a method for calculating the path of waves or particles through a system with regions of varying propagation velocity, absorption characteristics, and reflecting surfaces. Under these circumstances, wavefronts may bend, change direction, or reflect off surfaces, complicating analysis.

7. Image (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_(mathematics)

   The image of the function is the set of all output values it may produce, that is, the image of . The preimage of f {\displaystyle f} , that is, the preimage of Y {\displaystyle Y} under f {\displaystyle f} , always equals X {\displaystyle X} (the domain of f {\displaystyle f} ); therefore, the former notion is rarely used.

8. Time crystal - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_crystal

   In condensed matter physics, a time crystal is a quantum system of particles whose lowest-energy state is one in which the particles are in repetitive motion. The system cannot lose energy to the environment and come to rest because it is already in its quantum ground state.

9. Abstraction (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_(mathematics)

   Abstraction in mathematics is the process of extracting the underlying structures, patterns or properties of a mathematical concept, removing any dependence on real world objects with which it might originally have been connected, and generalizing it so that it has wider applications or matching among other abstract descriptions of equivalent phenomena.