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1000BASE-T (also known as IEEE 802.3ab) is a standard for Gigabit Ethernet over twisted-pair wiring. Each 1000BASE-T network segment is recommended to be a maximum length of 100 meters (330 feet), [5] [a] and must use Category 5 cable or better (including Cat 5e and Cat 6).
1000BASE-T uses all four pairs bi-directionally using hybrid circuits and cancellers. [16] Data is encoded using 4D-PAM5; four dimensions using pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) with five voltages , −2 V, −1 V, 0 V, +1 V, and +2 V. [ 17 ] While +2 V to −2 V may appear at the pins of the line driver, the voltage on the cable is nominally +1 ...
10BASE5, 10BASE2, 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T, 10GBASE-R: Maximum distance 100 m (328 ft) over twisted pair, up to 100 km over optical fiber Mode of operation optical, differential (balanced), single-ended Maximum bit rate 1 Mbit/s to 800 Gbit/s: Voltage levels ± 2.5 V (over twisted pair) Common connector types 8P8C, LC, SC, ST, MPO
1000BASE-T1 – Gigabit Ethernet over a single twisted pair for automotive & industrial environments 802.3bq 2016-06 [3] 25GBASE-T/40GBASE-T Ethernet for four-pair balanced–twisted-pair cabling with two connectors over 30 m distances 802.3br 2016-06 Specification and Management Parameters for Interspersing Express Traffic 802.3bs 2017-12
The mapping of the original bits to the symbol codes is not constant in time and has a fairly large period (appearing as a pseudo-random sequence). The final mapping from symbols to PAM-5 line modulation levels obeys the table on the right. 100BASE-T2 was not widely adopted but the technology developed for it is used in 1000BASE-T. [5]
The table below shows values for PC memory module types. These modules usually combine multiple chips on one circuit board. SIMM modules connect to the computer via an 8-bit- or 32-bit-wide interface. RIMM modules used by RDRAM are 16-bit- or 32-bit-wide. [49] DIMM modules connect to the computer via a 64-bit-wide interface.
Examples of aggregation at layer 1 (physical layer) include power line (e.g. IEEE 1901) and wireless (e.g. IEEE 802.11) network devices that combine multiple frequency bands. OSI layer 2 ( data link layer , e.g. Ethernet frame in LANs or multi-link PPP in WANs, Ethernet MAC address ) aggregation typically occurs across switch ports, which can ...
The physical coding sublayer (PCS) is a networking protocol sublayer in the Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and 10 Gigabit Ethernet standards. It resides at the top of the physical layer (PHY), and provides an interface between the physical medium attachment (PMA) sublayer and the media-independent interface (MII).