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Real values can for example be expressed in constant 1992 dollars, with the price level fixed 100 at the base date. Comparison of real and nominal gas prices 1996 to 2016, illustrating the formula for conversion. Here the base year is 2016.
Constant Dollars: weighted by a constant/unchanging basket/list of goods and services. Chained Dollars: weighted by a basket/list that changes yearly to more accurately reflect actual spending. The basket is an average of the basket for successive pairs of years; example of paired years are 2010–2011, 2011–2012, etc.
Constant-dollar accounting is an accounting model that converts nonmonetary assets and equities from historical dollars to current dollars using a general price index. This is similar to a currency conversion from old dollars to new dollars. Monetary items are not adjusted, so they gain or lose purchasing power.
The Marshall-Edgeworth index, credited to Marshall (1887) and Edgeworth (1925), [11] is a weighted relative of current period to base period sets of prices. This index uses the arithmetic average of the current and based period quantities for weighting.
A chained volume series is a series of economic data (such as GDP, GNP or similar kinds of data) from successive years, put in real (or constant, i.e. inflation- and deflation-adjusted) terms by computing the aggregate value of the measure (e.g. GDP or GNP) for each year using the prices of the preceding year, and then 'chain linking' the data together to obtain a time-series of figures from ...
The price in the base year is normalized to 100. For example, for computer hardware, we could define a "unit" to be a computer with a specific level of processing power, memory, hard drive space and so on. A price deflator of 200 means that the current-year price of this computing power is twice its base-year price - price inflation.
Different organizations use different types of 'Real GDP' measures, for example, the UNCTAD uses 2015 Constant prices and exchange rates while the FRED uses 2009 constant prices and exchange rates, and recently the World Bank switched from 2005 to 2010 constant prices and exchange rates. [2] [3] [4]
A key feature of the Calvo model is that the hazard rate is constant: the probability of changing the price does not depend on how old the price is. In 1999, Wolman suggested that the model should be generalized to allow for the hazard rate to vary with the duration. [ 10 ]