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Gender roles are usually centered on conceptions of masculinity and femininity. The specifics regarding these gendered expectations may vary among cultures, while other characteristics may be common throughout a range of cultures. In addition, gender roles (and perceived gender roles) vary based on a person's race or ethnicity. [1]
Gender essentialism is a theory which attributes distinct, intrinsic qualities to women and men. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Based in essentialism , it holds that there are certain universal, innate, biologically (or psychologically) based features of gender that are at the root of many of the group differences observed in the behavior of men and women.
Role congruity theory was coined by Eagly and Karau (2002), [3] prejudice toward female leaders occurs because inconsistencies exist between the characteristics associated with the female gender stereotype and those associated with the typical leadership.
The gender gap is decreasing and these stereotypes are changing as more women enter leadership roles. The data from the primary literature on this topic is inconclusive as the two main lines of research contradict one another, the first being that there are small, but nevertheless significant sex differences in leadership and the second being ...
These findings were summarized into four specific statements about women's leadership qualities: "(1) Women leaders are more persuasive than their male counterparts, (2) When feeling the sting of rejection, women leaders learn from adversity and carry on with an 'I'll show you' attitude, (3) Women leaders demonstrate an inclusive, team-building ...
Gender identity is the personal sense of one's own gender. [1] Gender identity can correlate with a person's assigned sex or can differ from it. In most individuals, the various biological determinants of sex are congruent, and consistent with the individual's gender identity. [2]
Sexologist John Money coined the term gender role in 1955. The term gender role is defined as the actions or responses that may reveal their status as boy, man, girl or woman, respectively. [75] Elements surrounding gender roles include clothing, speech patterns, movement, occupations, and other factors not limited to biological sex.
People who exhibit a combination of both masculine and feminine characteristics are considered androgynous, and feminist philosophers have argued that gender ambiguity may blur gender classification. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Modern conceptualizations of femininity also rely not just upon social constructions, but upon the individualized choices made by women.