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  2. Friedrich Carl von Savigny - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny

    In the first volume, Savigny treated the history of Roman law from the breaking up of the empire until the beginning of the 12th century. According to Savigny, Roman law, although considered dead, lived on in local customs, in towns, in ecclesiastical doctrines and school teachings, until it once again reappeared in Bologna and other Italian ...

  3. Intermolecular force - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermolecular_force

    Intermolecular forces observed between atoms and molecules can be described phenomenologically as occurring between permanent and instantaneous dipoles, as outlined above. Alternatively, one may seek a fundamental, unifying theory that is able to explain the various types of interactions such as hydrogen bonding , [ 22 ] van der Waals force ...

  4. History of molecular theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_molecular_theory

    The greatest difficulty Avogadro had to resolve was the huge confusion at that time regarding atoms and molecules—one of the most important contributions of Avogadro's work was clearly distinguishing one from the other, admitting that simple particles too could be composed of molecules and that these are composed of atoms.

  5. Van der Waals force - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force

    Van der Waals forces are often among the weakest chemical forces. For example, the pairwise attractive van der Waals interaction energy between H atoms in different H 2 molecules equals 0.06 kJ/mol (0.6 meV) and the pairwise attractive interaction energy between O atoms in different O 2 molecules equals 0.44 kJ/mol (4.6 meV). [9]

  6. Chemical bond - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bond

    A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms. This attraction may be seen as the result of different behaviors of the outermost or valence electrons of atoms. These behaviors merge into each other seamlessly in various circumstances, so that there is no clear line to be drawn between them.

  7. Chemical affinity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_affinity

    In modern terms, we relate affinity to the phenomenon whereby certain atoms or molecules have the tendency to aggregate or bond. For example, in the 1919 book Chemistry of Human Life physician George W. Carey states that, "Health depends on a proper amount of iron phosphate Fe 3 (PO 4 ) 2 in the blood, for the molecules of this salt have ...

  8. Lifshitz theory of van der Waals force - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifshitz_Theory_of_Van_der...

    In condensed matter physics and physical chemistry, the Lifshitz theory of van der Waals forces, sometimes called the macroscopic theory of van der Waals forces, is a method proposed by Evgeny Mikhailovich Lifshitz in 1954 for treating van der Waals forces between bodies which does not assume pairwise additivity of the individual intermolecular forces; that is to say, the theory takes into ...

  9. Marie Jules César Savigny - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Jules_César_Savigny

    By 1817, Savigny's eyesight had deteriorated, and he suffered from a nervous affliction and had to stop working for a number of years. Between 1816 and 1820 he published the important Mémoires sur les animaux sans vertèbres (Memoires on the animals without vertebrae). He had examined flowers and their parts as a botanist and applied the same ...