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  2. History of molecular theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_molecular_theory

    The greatest difficulty Avogadro had to resolve was the huge confusion at that time regarding atoms and molecules—one of the most important contributions of Avogadro's work was clearly distinguishing one from the other, admitting that simple particles too could be composed of molecules and that these are composed of atoms.

  3. Friedrich Carl von Savigny - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny

    In the first volume, Savigny treated the history of Roman law from the breaking up of the empire until the beginning of the 12th century. According to Savigny, Roman law, although considered dead, lived on in local customs, in towns, in ecclesiastical doctrines and school teachings, until it once again reappeared in Bologna and other Italian ...

  4. Shielding effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shielding_effect

    The wider the electron shells are in space, the weaker is the electric interaction between the electrons and the nucleus due to screening. Further, because of differences in orbital penetration, we can order the screening strength, S, that electrons in a given orbital (s, p, d, or f) provide to the rest of the electrons thus: > > > ().

  5. Intermolecular force - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermolecular_force

    Intermolecular forces observed between atoms and molecules can be described phenomenologically as occurring between permanent and instantaneous dipoles, as outlined above. Alternatively, one may seek a fundamental, unifying theory that is able to explain the various types of interactions such as hydrogen bonding , [ 22 ] van der Waals force ...

  6. Chemism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemism

    Chemism is a term in Hegelian philosophy that stands for the "mutual attraction, interpenetration, and neutralisation of independent individuals which unite to form a whole." Hegel posits that the concept of "Objectivity" contains the "three forms of Mechanism, Chemism , and Teleology":

  7. Karl Friedrich von Savigny - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_von_Savigny

    Savigny was born in Berlin on 19 September 1814. His father was the jurist Friedrich Carl von Savigny, who was then privy councillor of the court of appeals, member of the Prussian council of State, and professor at the University of Berlin, and his mother was Kunigunde Brentano, sister of the poet Clemens Brentano.

  8. Chemical affinity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_affinity

    In modern terms, we relate affinity to the phenomenon whereby certain atoms or molecules have the tendency to aggregate or bond. For example, in the 1919 book Chemistry of Human Life physician George W. Carey states that, "Health depends on a proper amount of iron phosphate Fe 3 (PO 4 ) 2 in the blood, for the molecules of this salt have ...

  9. Metallophilic interaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallophilic_interaction

    The atoms are often within Van der Waals distance of each other and are about as strong as hydrogen bonds. [1] The effect can be intramolecular or intermolecular . Intermolecular metallophilic interactions can lead to formation of supramolecular assemblies whose properties vary with the choice of element and oxidation states of the metal atoms ...