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Estonian consonant gradation is a grammatical process that affects obstruent consonants at the end of the stressed syllable of a word. Gradation causes consonants in a word to alternate between two grades , termed "strong" and "weak", depending on the grammar.
Example Found in Partitive case: used for amounts: three (of the) houses Estonian | Finnish [12] | Inari Sámi | Russian | Skolt Sámi | Kven: Prepositional case: when prepositions precede the noun: in/on/about the house Belarusian † | Czech † | Polish † | Russian | Scottish Gaelic ‡ | Slovak † | Ukrainian †
For example, suurii → suuria "some big --". In Estonian, the system is generally similar. In Estonian grammatical tradition, the term "accusative" is not used, since like in Finnish, the total object form coincides with the genitive in the singular, and the nominative in the plural.
In grammar, the illative case (/ ˈ ɪ l ə t ɪ v /; abbreviated ILL; from Latin: illatus "brought in") is a grammatical case used in the Finnish, Estonian, Lithuanian, Latvian and Hungarian languages. It is one of the locative cases, and has the basic meaning of "into (the inside of)".
In Estonian, it is marked by adding "-na" to the genitive stem. [4] Marking of the case in Estonian denotes the capacity in which the subject acts. The essive case is used for indicating "states of being" but not of "becoming", which is instead marked by the translative case, the elative case, or the nominative case. [4] Examples:
Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family. Other Finnic languages include Finnish and some minority languages spoken around the Baltic Sea and in northwestern Russia. Estonian is typically subclassified as a Southern Finnic language, and it is the second-most-spoken language among all the Finnic languages.
For Uralic languages, such as Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian, it is the fourth of the locative cases, with the basic meaning of "on"—for example, Estonian laud (table) and laual (on the table), Hungarian asztal and asztalnál (at the table). [1] It is also used as an instrumental case in Finnish.
In some dialects of Finnish it is common to drop the final vowel of the elative ending, which then becomes identical to the elative morpheme of Estonian; for example: talost. This pronunciation is common in southern Finland, appearing in the southwestern dialects and in some Tavastian dialects. Most other dialects use the standard form -sta.