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Drug titration is the process of adjusting the dose of a medication for the maximum benefit without adverse effects. [1] When a drug has a narrow therapeutic index, titration is especially important, because the range between the dose at which a drug is effective and the dose at which side effects occur is small. [2]
Hydroquinone and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols, such as aniline and DIPB. [18] Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation. Hydroquinone was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid. [19] Hydrolysis of chlorophenol. [18]
The term dosage form may also sometimes refer only to the pharmaceutical formulation of a drug product's constituent substances, without considering its final configuration as a consumable product (e.g., capsule, patch, etc.). Due to the somewhat ambiguous nature and overlap of these terms within the pharmaceutical industry, caution is ...
[18] [19] Hydroquinone was the most commonly prescribed hyperpigmentation treatment before the long-term safety concerns were raised, [20] and the use of it became more regulated in several countries and discouraged in general by WHO. [21] For the US, only 2% is at present sold over-the-counter, and 4% needs prescription.
One of the most serious side effects is retinopathy (generally with chronic use). [ 3 ] [ 20 ] People taking 400 mg of hydroxychloroquine or less per day generally have a negligible risk of macular toxicity, whereas the risk begins to increase when a person takes the medication over five years or has a cumulative dose of more than 1000 grams.
New RSV vaccines are now available to help prevent serious infection in people over 60. Doctors explain the RSV vaccine and its side effects in older adults.
Sustained-release dosage forms are dosage forms designed to release (liberate) a drug at a predetermined rate in order to maintain a constant drug concentration for a specific period of time with minimum side effects. This can be achieved through a variety of formulations, including liposomes and drug-polymer conjugates (an example being ...
The following side effects have been reported with application of corticosteroid medicines to the skin: itching, irritation, dryness, infection of the hair follicle, acne, changes in skin color, inflammation around the mouth, allergic skin reaction, skin infection, skin thinning, stretch marks and sweat problems.