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Alcohol oxidation is a collection of oxidation reactions in organic chemistry that convert alcohols to aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. The reaction mainly applies to primary and secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohols form ketones, while primary alcohols form aldehydes or carboxylic acids. [1] A variety of oxidants can be used.
For oxidations to the aldehydes and ketones, two equivalents of chromic acid oxidize three equivalents of the alcohol: 2 HCrO 4 − + 3 RR'C(OH)H + 8 H + + 4 H 2 O → 2 [Cr(H 2 O) 6] 3+ + 3 RR'CO. For oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids, 4 equivalents of chromic acid oxidize 3 equivalents of the alcohol. The aldehyde is an ...
Ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, and acid halides - some of the most pervasive functional groups, -comprise carbonyl compounds. Carboxylic acids, esters, and acid halides can be reduced to either aldehydes or a step further to primary alcohols , depending on the strength of the reducing agent.
The use of hydrogen peroxide can produce carboxylic acids. Amine N-oxides produce aldehydes directly. [8] Other functional groups, such as benzyl ethers, can also be oxidized by ozone. It has been proposed that small amounts of acid may be generated during the reaction from oxidation of the solvent, so pyridine is sometimes used to buffer the ...
The direct oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids normally proceeds via the corresponding aldehyde, which is transformed via an aldehyde hydrate (R−CH(OH) 2) by reaction with water before it can be further oxidized to the carboxylic acid. Mechanism of oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids via aldehydes and aldehyde ...
In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group (−C(=O)−OH) [1] attached to an R-group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is often written as R−COOH or R−CO 2 H, sometimes as R−C(O)OH with R referring to an organyl group (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, aryl), or hydrogen, or other groups ...
The Pinnick oxidation is an organic reaction by which aldehydes can be oxidized into their corresponding carboxylic acids using sodium chlorite (NaClO 2) under mild acidic conditions. It was originally developed by Lindgren and Nilsson. [1] The typical reaction conditions used today were developed by G. A. Kraus.
Therefore, o-hydroxy compounds are oxidized faster than p-hydroxy compounds when the hydroxyl group is protonated. [2] Carboxylic acid product formation. M-hydroxy compounds do not oxidize to m-benzenediols and carboxylates. Rather, they form phenyl carboxylic acids. [1] [2] Variations in the aryl rings' migratory aptitudes can explain this.