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The antiestrogen withdrawal response is a paradoxical improvement in breast cancer caused by discontinuation of antiestrogen ... tamoxifen and raloxifene. [1] [2 ...
Tamoxifen, sold under the brand name Nolvadex among others, is a selective estrogen receptor modulator used to prevent breast cancer in women and men. [13] It is also being studied for other types of cancer. [13] It has been used for Albright syndrome. [14] Tamoxifen is typically taken daily by mouth for five years for breast cancer. [14]
Toremifene is approved for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive or unknown-status tumors. [4] [6] This is its only approved use in the United States. [4] It shows equivalent effectiveness to tamoxifen for this indication.
Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
Toremifene, a chlorinated tamoxifen derivative developed to avoid hepatic carcinomas, was associated with fewer DNA adducts in the liver than tamoxifen in preclinical studies. It is used as endocrine therapy for women with estrogen or progesterone receptor-positive, stage 4 or recurrent metastatic breast cancer [7] and has demonstrated similar ...
The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) is an ongoing study of over 27,000 women that began in 1991, with the most recent analyses suggesting that, when initiated within 10 years of menopause, HRT reduces all-cause mortality and risks of coronary disease, osteoporosis, and dementia; after 10 years the beneficial effects on mortality and coronary ...
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Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time when menstrual periods permanently stop, marking the end of reproduction. [1] [6] [7] It typically occurs between the ages of 45 and 55, although the exact timing can vary. [8]