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Early childhood development is the period of rapid physical, psychological and social growth and change that begins before birth and extends into early childhood. [1] While early childhood is not well defined, one source asserts that the early years begin in utero and last until 3 years of age. [1]
Developmental milestones [3] [4] Age Motor Speech Vision and hearing Social 1–1.5 months When held upright, holds head erect and steady. Cooes and babbles at parents and people they know Focuses on parents. Loves looking at new faces; Starts to smile at parents; Startled by sudden noises; Recognition of familiar individuals; 1.6–2 months
The speed of motor development is rapid in early life, as many of the reflexes of the newborn alter or disappear within the first year, and slows later. Like physical growth, motor development shows predictable patterns of cephalocaudal (head to foot) and proximodistal (torso to extremities) development, with movements at the head and in the ...
Newmeyer suggests parents download the CDC's free milestone tracker app, which can help parents keep tabs on their child's development from ages 2 months through 5 years old.
Jean Piaget's cognitive developmental theory describes four major stages from birth through puberty, the last of which starts at 12 years and has no terminating age: [11] Sensorimotor: (birth to 2 years), Preoperations: (2 to 7 years), Concrete operations: (7 to 11 years), and Formal Operations: (from 12 years). Each stage has at least two ...
The Gesell Developmental Schedules claimed that an appraisal of the developmental status of infants and young children could be made. The Gesell Developmental Schedule believes that human development unfolds in stages, or in sequences over a given time period. These stages were considered milestones, or the manifestations of mental development. [1]
Following the need for further investigation, Nancy Bayley conducted a related experiment in which the reliability of her revised scale of mental and motor development during the first year of life was tested, which yielded the following results: (1) Mental Scale items with high tester-observer and high test-retest reliabilities deal with ...
Under his leadership, the Institute added a child development clinic and nursery school classrooms where they conducted research that would later accumulate into the area that would be called "Behavior Analysis of Child Development". [3] Skinner's behavioral approach and Kantor's interbehavioral approach were adopted in Bijou and Baer's model.