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The modern study of number theory in its abstract form is largely attributed to Pierre de Fermat and Leonhard Euler. The field came to full fruition with the contributions of Adrien-Marie Legendre and Carl Friedrich Gauss. [17] Many easily stated number problems have solutions that require sophisticated methods, often from across mathematics.
The equity premium puzzle addresses the difficulty in understanding and explaining this disparity. [1] This disparity is calculated using the equity risk premium: The equity risk premium is equal to the difference between equity returns and returns from government bonds. It is equal to around 5% to 8% in the United States. [2]
The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...
Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, South Africa's administrative capital. [2] [3] He is of British and Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry.[4] [5] His mother, Maye (née Haldeman), is a model and dietitian born in Saskatchewan, Canada, and raised in South Africa.
Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology conglomerate headquartered in Redmond, Washington. [2] Founded in 1975, the company became highly influential in the rise of personal computers through software like Windows, and the company has since expanded to Internet services, cloud computing, video gaming and other fields.
In 2023, 630,000 people died from HIV-related causes, an estimated 1.3 million people acquired HIV and about 39.9 million people worldwide living with HIV, 65% of whom are in the World Health Organization (WHO) African Region. [5] [7] HIV/AIDS is considered a pandemic—a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively ...
N i is the expected number of particles in the single-particle microstate i, N is the total number of particles in the system, E i is the energy of microstate i, the sum over index j takes into account all microstates, T is the equilibrium temperature of the system, k B is the Boltzmann constant.
Initial estimates of the basic reproduction number (R 0) for COVID-19 in January 2020 were between 1.4 and 2.5, [58] but a subsequent analysis claimed that it may be about 5.7 (with a 95 per cent confidence interval of 3.8 to 8.9). [59] In December 2021, the number of cases continued to climb due to several factors, including new COVID-19 variants.