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This increase in PUMA levels induces apoptosis through mitochondrial dysfunction. p53, and with it PUMA, is activated due to DNA damage caused by a variety of genotoxic agents. Other agents that induce p53 dependent apoptosis are neurotoxins, [16] [17] proteasome inhibitors, [18] microtubule poisons, [19] and transcription inhibitors. [20]
p53, also known as Tumor protein P53, cellular tumor antigen p53 (UniProt name), or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53) is a regulatory protein that is often mutated in human cancers. The p53 proteins (originally thought to be, and often spoken of as, a single protein) are crucial in vertebrates , where they prevent cancer formation. [ 5 ]
P53 causes cells to enter apoptosis and disrupt further cell division therefore preventing that cell from becoming cancerous (16). In the majority of cancers it is the p53 pathway that has become mutated resulting in lack of ability to terminate dysfunctional cells.
The p53 p63 p73 family is a family of tumor suppressor genes. [1] [2] This gene family codes the proteins: p53; TP73L (also known as "p63") p73; They are sometimes considered part of a "p53 family." When overexpressed, these proteins are known to be involved in tumor pathogenesis. [3]
P53, a transcription factor, can bind two sites within the human TIGAR gene to activate expression. [9] [13] One site is found within the first intron, and binds p53 with high affinity. [9] [13] The second is found just prior to the first exon, binds p53 with low affinity, [9] [13] and is conserved between mice and humans. [9]
In the field of genetics, a suicide gene is a gene that will cause a cell to kill itself through the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death). Activation of a suicide gene can cause death through a variety of pathways, but one important cellular "switch" to induce apoptosis is the p53 protein.
The p53 protein is heavily regulated [28] and contains more than 18 different phosphorylation sites. Activation of p53 can lead to cell cycle arrest, which can be reversed under some circumstances, or apoptotic cell death. [29] This activity occurs only in situations wherein the cell is damaged or physiology is disturbed in normal healthy ...
Apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 2 (ASPP2) also known as Bcl2-binding protein (Bbp) and tumor suppressor p53-binding protein 2 (p53BP2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TP53BP2 gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.