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The Age of Enlightenment ... His skepticism was refined by Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) and Hume's writings in the 1740s.
Richard Henry Popkin (December 27, 1923 – April 14, 2005) was an American academic philosopher who specialized in the history of enlightenment philosophy and early modern anti-dogmatism.
Philosophical skepticism is often based on the idea that no matter how certain one is about a given belief, one could still be wrong about it. [11] [7] From this observation, it is argued that the belief does not amount to knowledge. Philosophical skepticism follows from the consideration that this might be the case for most or all beliefs. [12]
The Counter-Enlightenment refers to a loose collection of intellectual stances that arose during the European Enlightenment in opposition to its mainstream attitudes and ideals. The Counter-Enlightenment is generally seen to have continued from the 18th century into the early 19th century, especially with the rise of Romanticism.
French thought from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment is considered to have been permeated with anti-religious views that began as deism in the sixteenth century by Pierre Viret and culminated as atheism in the eighteenth century by Voltaire and Rousseau. French Deism was anti-religious and shaded into atheism, pantheism, and skepticism.
Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle (/ f ɒ n t ə ˈ n ɛ l /; [1] French: [fɔ̃tənɛl]; 11 February 1657 – 9 January 1757), [2] also called Bernard Le Bouyer de Fontenelle, was a French author and an influential member of three of the academies of the Institut de France, noted especially for his accessible treatment of scientific topics during the unfolding of the Age of Enlightenment.
The Age of Enlightenment was a broad philosophical movement in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The traditional theological-political system that placed Scripture at the center, with religious authorities and monarchies claiming and enforcing their power by divine right, was challenged and overturned in the realm of ideas.
Pierre Bayle (French:; 18 November 1647 – 28 December 1706) [3] was a French philosopher, author, and lexicographer.He is best known for his Historical and Critical Dictionary, whose publication began in 1697. [3]