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set is smaller than its power set; uncountability of the real numbers; Cantor's first uncountability proof. uncountability of the real numbers; Combinatorics; Combinatory logic; Co-NP; Coset; Countable. countability of a subset of a countable set (to do) Angle of parallelism; Galois group. Fundamental theorem of Galois theory (to do) Gödel number
Linear congruence theorem (number theory, modular arithmetic) Linear speedup theorem (computational complexity theory) Linnik's theorem (number theory) Lions–Lax–Milgram theorem (partial differential equations) Liouville's theorem (complex analysis, entire functions) Liouville's theorem (conformal mappings) Liouville's theorem (Hamiltonian ...
In the left hand sides of the following identities, L is the L eft most set and R is the R ight most set. Whenever necessary, both L and R should be assumed to be subsets of some universe set X , so that L ∁ := X ∖ L and R ∁ := X ∖ R . {\displaystyle L^{\complement }:=X\setminus L{\text{ and }}R^{\complement }:=X\setminus R.}
Modern proof theory treats proofs as inductively defined data structures, not requiring an assumption that axioms are "true" in any sense. This allows parallel mathematical theories as formal models of a given intuitive concept, based on alternate sets of axioms, for example axiomatic set theory and non-Euclidean geometry.
(For the example of x + y − z, the subgroup H in S 3 contains the identity and the transposition (x y).) So the size of H divides n!. With the later development of abstract groups, this result of Lagrange on polynomials was recognized to extend to the general theorem about finite groups which now bears his name.
The hockey stick identity confirms, for example: for n=6, r=2: 1+3+6+10+15=35. In combinatorics , the hockey-stick identity , [ 1 ] Christmas stocking identity , [ 2 ] boomerang identity , Fermat's identity or Chu's Theorem , [ 3 ] states that if n ≥ r ≥ 0 {\displaystyle n\geq r\geq 0} are integers, then
As an example, the back-and-forth method can be used to prove Cantor's isomorphism theorem, although this was not Georg Cantor's original proof. This theorem states that two unbounded countable dense linear orders are isomorphic. [1] Suppose that (A, ≤ A) and (B, ≤ B) are linearly ordered sets;
Lubell's proof of this result on set families is a double counting argument on permutations, used to prove an inequality rather than an equality. Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem, an upper bound on intersecting families of sets, proven by Gyula O. H. Katona using a double counting inequality. [3] Proofs of Fermat's little theorem.