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Because SparkNotes provides study guides for literature that include chapter summaries, many teachers see the website as a cheating tool. [7] These teachers argue that students can use SparkNotes as a replacement for actually completing reading assignments with the original material, [8] [9] [10] or to cheat during tests using cell phones with Internet access.
The first commercial ice-making machine was invented in 1854. [9] In 1913, refrigerators for home use were invented. [10] In 1923 Frigidaire introduced the first self-contained unit. The introduction of Freon in the 1920s expanded the refrigerator market during the 1930s. Home freezers as separate compartments (larger than necessary just for ...
The Einstein–Szilard or Einstein refrigerator is an absorption refrigerator which has no moving parts, operates at constant pressure, and requires only a heat source to operate. It was jointly invented in 1926 by Albert Einstein and his former student Leó Szilárd , who patented it in the U.S. on November 11, 1930 ( U.S. patent 1,781,541 ).
Refrigeration has thus rapidly evolved in the past century, from ice harvesting to temperature-controlled rail cars, refrigerator trucks, and ubiquitous refrigerators and freezers in both stores and homes in many countries. The introduction of refrigerated rail cars contributed to the settlement of areas that were not on earlier main transport ...
1983 – Orifice-type pulse tube refrigerator invented by Mikulin, Tarasov, and Shkrebyonock; 1986 – Karl Alexander Müller and J. Georg Bednorz discover high-temperature superconductivity; 1995 – Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman create the first [17] Bose–Einstein condensate, using a dilute gas of Rubidium-87 cooled to 170 nK. They won the ...
An icebox (also called a cold closet) is a compact non-mechanical refrigerator which was a common early-twentieth-century kitchen appliance before the development of safely powered refrigeration devices. Before the development of electric refrigerators, iceboxes were referred to by the public as "refrigerators".
William Shakespeare (c. 23 [a] April 1564 – 23 April 1616) [b] was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. [3] [4] [5] He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard").
In 1850, Ferdinand's brother Edmond Carré (22 January 1833 – 7 May 1894) developed the first absorption refrigerator, using water and sulphuric acid. [2] Ferdinand continued Edmond's work on the process and in 1858 developed a machine which used water as the absorbent and ammonia as refrigerant . [ 3 ]