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Java bytecode can either be interpreted at run time by a virtual machine, or be compiled at load time or run time into native code which runs directly on the computer's hardware. Interpretation is slower than native execution, but compilation at load time or run time has an initial performance penalty.
However, dynamic compilation can still technically have compilation errors, [citation needed] although many programmers and sources may identify them as run-time errors. Most just-in-time compilers , such as the Javascript V8 engine , ambiguously refer to compilation errors as syntax errors since they check for them at run time .
This had a large performance penalty of between a factor 10 and 20 for Java versus C in average applications. [5] To combat this, a just-in-time (JIT) compiler was introduced into Java 1.1. Due to the high cost of compiling, an added system called HotSpot was introduced in Java 1.2 and was made the default in Java 1.3.
The earliest published JIT compiler is generally attributed to work on LISP by John McCarthy in 1960. [4] In his seminal paper Recursive functions of symbolic expressions and their computation by machine, Part I, he mentions functions that are translated during runtime, thereby sparing the need to save the compiler output to punch cards [5] (although this would be more accurately known as a ...
In a Java program, the memory footprint is predominantly made up of the runtime environment in the form of Java virtual machine (JVM) itself that is loaded indirectly when a Java application launches. In addition, on most operating systems, disk files opened by an application too are read into the application's address space, thereby ...
Type checking, register allocation, code generation, and code optimization are typically done at compile time, but may be done at runtime depending on the particular language and compiler. Many other runtime errors exist and are handled differently by different programming languages, such as division by zero errors, domain errors, array ...
The Java Memory Model (JMM) defines the allowable behavior of multithreaded programs, and therefore describes when such reorderings are possible. It places execution-time constraints on the relationship between threads and main memory in order to achieve consistent and reliable Java applications.
Writing to read-only memory raises a segmentation fault. At the level of code errors, this occurs when the program writes to part of its own code segment or the read-only portion of the data segment, as these are loaded by the OS into read-only memory.