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According to World Bank, ″Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D) include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.″ [3]
Government spending or expenditure includes all government consumption, investment, and transfer payments. [1] [2] In national income accounting, the acquisition by governments of goods and services for current use, to directly satisfy the individual or collective needs of the community, is classed as government final consumption expenditure.
The expenditures can be divided by the Classification of Functions of Government : General public services: Funding of services provided for the entire population. Some examples are spendings on executive and legislative organs of the government, fiscal actions, interest expense, international economic aid and transfers.
In business, an overhead or overhead expense is an ongoing expense of operating a business. Overheads are the expenditure which cannot be conveniently traced to or identified with any particular revenue unit, unlike operating expenses such as raw material and labor.
A budget is a calculation plan, usually but not always financial, for a defined period, often one year or a month.A budget may include anticipated sales volumes and revenues, resource quantities including time, costs and expenses, environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions, other impacts, assets, liabilities and cash flows.
Mandatory spending plays a large role in larger fiscal trends. During economic downturns, government revenues fall and expenditures rise as more people become eligible for mandatory programs such as Unemployment Insurance and Income Security programs. This causes deficits to increase or surpluses to shrink.
Cycle of research and development Spending on research and development as share of GDP (2015). Research and development (R&D or R+D) [1], known in some countries as experiment and design, is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products.
Journal of Applied Econometrics; Journal of Banking and Finance; Journal of Behavioral Finance; Journal of Business and Economic Statistics; Journal of Cleaner Production; Journal of Common Market Studies; Journal of Comparative Economics; Journal of Competition Law and Economics; Journal of Cultural Economics; Journal of Development Economics ...