Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
The term "interstitial cystitis" was coined by Dr. Alexander Skene in 1887 to describe the disease. [13] In 2002, the United States amended the Social Security Act to include interstitial cystitis as a disability. The first guideline for diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis is released by a Japanese research team in 2009. [71]
In relation to interstitial cystitis, when noxious stimuli are present, it causes injury to the bladder mucosa resulting in recruitment of inflammatory cells. [3] Disruption of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer [ 14 ] along with the increased presence of mast cells , T cells , and B cells causes the bladder epithelium to become more permeable.
Urinary bladder disease includes urinary bladder inflammation such as cystitis, bladder rupture and bladder obstruction (tamponade).Cystitis is common, sometimes referred to as urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by bacteria, bladder rupture occurs when the bladder is overfilled and not emptied while bladder tamponade is a result of blood clot formation near the bladder outlet.
Hemorrhagic cystitis, characterized by blood in the urine, can occur secondary to a number of causes including: infections, radiation therapy, underlying cancer, medications and toxins. [59] Medications that commonly cause this problem include the chemotherapeutic agent cyclophosphamide with rates of 2–40%. [59]
It is a diagnosis of exclusion which means other possible urinary diseases which could cause bladder inflammation (e.g. feline urinary tract infections or urolithiasis) are ruled out. [5] Research is still being pursued regarding the causes of cystitis in cats, though the following principal risk factors have been identified: [14]
For Joseph, it was a classic moral injury. Firing back at the Taliban may have been a justifiable military necessity. But the moral burden, the image of those bloody innocents, the guilt, the shame – the inescapable truth of what he had done – that’s what he evidently took away from Afghanistan.
But in war, asking troops to meet the ideals and values they carry into battle – always be honorable, always be courageous, always treat civilians with respect, never harm a non-combatant – may itself cause moral injury when these ideals collide with the reality of combat. Accomplishing the mission may mean placing innocent civilians at risk.
The fire destroyed some 16 million to 18 million official U.S. military personnel records. The MPRC, the custodian of U.S. military service records, is part of the National Personnel Records Center, an agency of the National Archives and Records Administration of the General Services Administration. [2]