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Building on the fluid mosaic model, a framework called the proteolipid code was proposed in order to explain membrane organization. [8] The proteolipid code relies on the concept of a zone, which is a functional region of membrane that is assembled and stabilized with both protein and lipid dependency.
Karnovsky and co-workers formalized the concept of lipid domains in membranes in 1982. Karnovsky's studies showed heterogeneity in the lifetime decay of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, which indicated that there were multiple phases in the lipid environment of the membrane. [6] One type of microdomain is constituted by cholesterol and sphingolipids.
Discrete lipid domains with differing composition, and thus membrane fluidity, can coexist in model lipid membranes; this can be observed using fluorescence microscopy. [4] The biological analogue, 'lipid raft', is hypothesized to exist in cell membranes and perform biological functions. [5]
Membrane lipids are a group of compounds (structurally similar to fats and oils) which form the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The three major classes of membrane lipids are phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol. Lipids are amphiphilic: they have one end that is soluble in water ('polar') and an ending that is soluble in fat ...
Coarse-grained models are widely used for molecular modeling of biomolecules [1] [2] at various granularity levels. A wide range of coarse-grained models have been proposed. They are usually dedicated to computational modeling of specific molecules: proteins, [1] [2] nucleic acids, [3] [4] lipid membranes, [2] [5] carbohydrates [6] or water. [7]
Fluid mosaic model of a cell membrane. The fluid mosaic model explains various characteristics regarding the structure of functional cell membranes.According to this biological model, there is a lipid bilayer (two molecules thick layer consisting primarily of amphipathic phospholipids) in which protein molecules are embedded.
A model lipid bilayer is any bilayer assembled in vitro, as opposed to the bilayer of natural cell membranes or covering various sub-cellular structures like the nucleus. They are used to study the fundamental properties of biological membranes in a simplified and well-controlled environment, and increasingly in bottom-up synthetic biology for ...
This interaction also increases the mechanical rigidity of fluid membrane lipid bilayers [9] and decreases their lateral diffusion coefficient. [10] In contrast, the addition of cholesterol to gel phase bilayers disrupts local packing order, increasing the diffusion coefficient [10] and decreasing the elastic modulus.
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