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  2. State of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter

    In a solid, constituent particles (ions, atoms, or molecules) are closely packed together. The forces between particles are so strong that the particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate. As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape, and a definite volume. Solids can only change their shape by an outside force, as when broken or cut.

  3. Brownian motion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion

    2-dimensional random walk of a silver adatom on an Ag(111) surface [1] Simulation of the Brownian motion of a large particle, analogous to a dust particle, that collides with a large set of smaller particles, analogous to molecules of a gas, which move with different velocities in different random directions.

  4. List of states of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter

    The particles are held very close to each other. Amorphous solid: A solid in which there is no far-range order of the positions of the atoms. Crystalline solid: A solid in which atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in regular order. Quasicrystal: A solid in which the positions of the atoms have long-range order, but this is not in a repeating ...

  5. Gas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas

    Drifting smoke particles indicate the movement of the surrounding gas.. Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter.The others are solid, liquid, and plasma. [1] A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide).

  6. Diffusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion

    In molecular diffusion, the moving molecules in a gas, liquid, or solid are self-propelled by kinetic energy. Random walk of small particles in suspension in a fluid was discovered in 1827 by Robert Brown, who found that minute particle suspended in a liquid medium and just large enough to be visible under an optical microscope exhibit a rapid ...

  7. Plasma (physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)

    One: All gas particles behave in a similar way, largely influenced by collisions with one another and by gravity. Two or more : Electrons and ions possess different charges and vastly different masses, so that they behave differently in many circumstances, with various types of plasma-specific waves and instabilities emerging as a result.

  8. Convection (heat transfer) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection_(Heat_transfer)

    The convection heat transfer mode comprises two mechanism. In addition to energy transfer due to specific molecular motion , energy is transferred by bulk, or macroscopic, motion of the fluid. This motion is associated with the fact that, at any instant, large numbers of molecules are moving collectively or as aggregates.

  9. Sediment transport - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment_transport

    Sediment transport is the movement of solid particles (), typically due to a combination of gravity acting on the sediment, and the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained.