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Pronation is a normal, desirable, and necessary component of the gait cycle. [4] Pronation is the first half of the stance phase, whereas supination starts the propulsive phase as the heel begins to lift off the ground. [5] An illustration of pronation and supination of the foot from an anatomy textbook
The most common cause of foot pain is wearing ill fitting shoes. Women often wear tight shoes that are narrow and constrictive, and thus are most prone to foot problems. Tight shoes often cause overcrowding of toes and result in a variety of structural defects. The next most common cause of foot disease is overuse or traumatic injuries. [3]
Children with flat feet are at a higher risk of developing knee, hip, and back pain. A 2007 randomized controlled trial found no evidence for the efficacy of treatment of flat feet in children either from expensive prescribed orthotics (i.e. shoe inserts) or less expensive over-the-counter orthotics. [3]
Pes cavus can occur from four primary causes: neurological conditions, trauma, undertreated clubfoot, or idiopathic with other underlining conditions. [9]Bilateral presentation (i.e., in both feet) often occurs due to a hereditary or congenital source, whereas a unilateral presentation (i.e., in one foot) is often the result of trauma.
The dorsal surface of the toes, the heels, and the fingertips are other occasionally afflicted locations. The spared web gaps between the toes is a defining trait of juvenile plantar dermatosis. The symptoms of a lesion are bright, red, dry spots. Scaling and fissuring may be visible in chronic situations. [4]
The most common symptoms are pain and swelling around the back of the ankle. [1] The pain is typically worse at the start of exercise and decreases thereafter. [3] Stiffness of the ankle may also be present. [2] Onset is generally gradual. [1] Achilles tendinopathy is idiopathic, meaning the cause is not well understood.
The normal findings of flat foot versus children's age estimate 45% of pre-school children, and 15% of older children (average age 10 years) have flat feet. Few flexible flat feet have been found to be symptomatic, hence only painful flat feet should be diagnosed and treated.
Sinus tarsi syndrome can have a variety of causes. The most common is an inversion (rolling out) ankle sprain, which makes up 70-80% of cases, followed by pronation of the foot, which is responsible for about 20-30% of cases. [3] More rarely, excessive physical activity and other forms of foot trauma/chronic ankle injury are thought to be the ...