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The standard model of cosmology, the Lambda-CDM model, assumes the Copernican principle and the more general cosmological principle. Some cosmologists and theoretical physicists have created models without the cosmological or Copernican principles to constrain the values of observational results, to address specific known issues in the Lambda ...
The term cosmology was first used in English in 1656 in Thomas Blount's Glossographia, [2] and in 1731 taken up in Latin by German philosopher Christian Wolff in Cosmologia Generalis. [3] Religious or mythological cosmology is a body of beliefs based on mythological, religious, and esoteric literature and traditions of creation myths and ...
In modern physical cosmology, the cosmological principle is the notion that the spatial distribution of matter in the universe is uniformly isotropic and homogeneous when viewed on a large enough scale, since the forces are expected to act equally throughout the universe on a large scale, and should, therefore, produce no observable inequalities in the large-scale structuring over the course ...
The cosmological principle implies that the metric of the universe must be of the form = where ds 3 2 is a three-dimensional metric that must be one of (a) flat space, (b) a sphere of constant positive curvature or (c) a hyperbolic space with constant negative curvature. This metric is called the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW ...
Physical cosmology is a branch of cosmology concerned with the study of cosmological models. A cosmological model , or simply cosmology , provides a description of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the universe and allows study of fundamental questions about its origin , structure, evolution , and ultimate fate . [ 1 ]
[3]: 62 The basic model makes two simplifying assumptions: until the temperature drops below 0.1 MeV only neutrons and protons are stable and; only isotopes of hydrogen and of helium will be produced at the end. These assumptions are based on the intense flux of high energy photons in the plasma.
In standard cosmology, there are three components of the universe: matter, radiation, and dark energy. This matter is anything whose energy density scales with the inverse cube of the scale factor, i.e., ρ ∝ a −3, while radiation is anything whose energy density scales to the inverse fourth power of the scale factor (ρ ∝ a −4).
This is the standard approach to perturbation theory of general relativity for cosmology. [10] This approach is widely used for the computation of anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background radiation [ 11 ] as part of the physical cosmology program and focuses on predictions arising from linearisations that preserve gauge invariance with ...