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Senior commanders are known to have worn white cloaks and plumes. The centurions, who made up the officer ranks, had decorations on their chest plates corresponding to modern medals, and the long cudgels that they carried. Examples of items of Roman military personal armour included: Galea or soldier's helmet.
The best centurions were then promoted to the first cohort and known as the primi ordines, commanding one of the cohort's five centuries and taking on a staff role. The most senior centurion of the legion was the primus pilus who commanded the first century of the first cohort. All centurions, however senior, had their own allocated century.
The vine staff, vine-staff, or centurion's staff [1] (Latin: vitis) [2] was a vinewood rod of about 1 m (3 ft) in length used in the ancient Roman army [3] [4] and navy. [5] It was the mark and tool of the centurion : [ 6 ] both as an implement in the direction of drill and maneuvers [ citation needed ] ; and to beat wayward or laggard soldiers ...
A spatha could be any sword (in late Latin), but most often one of the longer swords characteristic of the middle and late Roman Empire. In the 1st century, Roman cavalry started using these longer swords, and in the late 2nd or early 3rd century, Roman infantry also switched to longer swords, as well as mostly changing from carrying javelins ...
Over its lifetime, the lorica hamata remained in constant use by legionaries and it was the preferred armor of centurions, [7] who favored its greater coverage and lower maintenance. Constant friction kept the rings of the lorica hamata free of rust. [7] Only the richest soldiers could afford to wear it. [8]
Like all Roman footwear, the caliga was flat-soled. It was laced up the center of the foot and onto the top of the ankle. It was laced up the center of the foot and onto the top of the ankle. The Spanish scholar Isidore of Seville believed that the name " caliga " derived from the Latin callus ("hard leather"), or else from the fact that the ...
Around the middle of the third century the lorica segmentata fell out of favor with the Roman army, although it did remain in use during the Late Roman Empire. [1] Soldiers wearing the lorica segmentata were depicted on the Arch of Constantine , a monument erected in Rome in 315.
A historical reenactor in Roman centurion costume. The rank of centurion was an officer grade that held much responsibility. The most senior centurion in a legion was known as the primus pilus (lit. "first maniple" [20]), who directly commanded the first century of the first cohort and commanded the whole