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If a cargo vessel (such as a tanker, bulk carrier or container ship) wishes to travel empty or partially empty to collect a cargo, it must travel "in ballast". This keeps the vessel in trim and keeps the propeller and rudder submerged. Typically, being "in ballast" will mean flooding ballast tanks with sea water.
Ballast is dense material used as a weight to provide stability to a vehicle or structure. Ballast, other than cargo , may be placed in a vehicle, often a ship or the gondola of a balloon or airship , to provide stability .
ballast Heavy material that is placed in a position low in the hull to provide stability. It can be moveable material, such as gravel or stones, permanently or semi-permanently installed, or integral to the hull, such as the (typically) lead or cast-iron ballast keel of a sailing yacht. See also in ballast. [3] ballast tank
Cross section of a vessel with a single ballast tank at the bottom. A ballast tank is a compartment within a boat, ship or other floating structure that holds water, which is used as ballast to provide hydrostatic stability for a vessel, to reduce or control buoyancy, as in a submarine, to correct trim or list, to provide a more even load distribution along the hull to reduce structural ...
It would also be able to take "wet" cargo (oil) one way and "dry" cargo (bulk cargoes or ore) the other way, thus reducing the time it had to sail in ballast (i.e. empty). The first OBO carrier was the Naess Norseman, built at A. G. Weser for the company Norness Shipping, controlled by the Norwegian shipowner Erling Dekke Næss.
The same report lists the following as some drawbacks to the double-hull design, including higher build costs, [87] greater operating expenses (e.g. higher canal and port tariffs), [87] difficulties in ballast tank ventilation, [87] the fact that ballast tanks need continuous monitoring and maintenance, [87] increased transverse free surface ...
The vessel is complete and ready for service in every respect, including permanent ballast, spare parts, lubricating oil, and working stores but is without fuel, cargo, drinking or washing water, officers, crew, passengers, their effects, temporary ballast or any other variable load.
One of the company's vessels, Mighty Servant 2, capsized and sank after hitting an uncharted single underwater isolated pinnacle of granite off Indonesia in November 1999. Cosco Shipping has available a fleet of 16 different size semi-submersible vessels which they claim to be the world's largest semi-submersible heavy lift fleet. [8] [9]