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A fusion energy gain factor, usually expressed with the symbol Q, is the ratio of fusion power produced in a nuclear fusion reactor to the power required to maintain the plasma in steady state. The condition of Q = 1, when the power being released by the fusion reactions is equal to the required heating power, is referred to as breakeven , or ...
As originally formulated, the Lawson criterion gives a minimum required value for the product of the plasma (electron) density n e and the "energy confinement time" that leads to net energy output. Later analysis suggested that a more useful figure of merit is the triple product of density, confinement time, and plasma temperature T .
This is quantified by the Lawson criterion. [2] Ignition can also be defined by the fusion energy gain factor. [3] In the laboratory, fusion ignition defined by the Lawson criterion was first achieved in August 2021, [4] and ignition defined by the energy gain factor was achieved in December 2022, [5] [6] both by the U.S. National Ignition ...
Over 90K shots over 10 hours; Over 11 million pulse power shots at 10 Hz for over 12 days; Electra laser at the Naval Research Laboratory [303] [304] Plasma pressure: 2016: 2.1 × 10 5 Pa: Alcator C-Mod [305] Lawson criterion: 2013: 1.53 × 10 24 eV·s/m 3: JT-60 [306] [307] Fusion energy gain factor: 2022: 1.54: NIF [287] Discharge time (field ...
However, while this was scientifically a success, [13] the experiment in practice produced less than 1% of the energy the facility used to create it: [14] while 3.15 MJ of energy was yielded from 2.05 MJ input, [15] the lasers delivering the 2.05 MJ of energy took about 300 MJ to produce in the facility.
In 1997, JET set the record of 16 megawatts of transient fusion power with a gain factor of Q = 0.62 and 4 megawatts steady state fusion power with Q = 0.18 for 4 seconds. [3] In 2021, JET sustained Q = 0.33 for 5 seconds and produced 59 megajoules of energy, beating the record 21.7 megajoules released in 1997 over around 4 seconds. [4]
JET was one of only two tokamak models designed to work with a real deuterium-tritium fuel mix, the other being the US-built TFTR. Both were built with the hope of reaching scientific breakeven where the "fusion energy gain factor" or Q = 1.0. [18] [6] [19] [20] JET achieved its first plasma on 25 June 1983. [14]
The energy–momentum relation is consistent with the familiar mass–energy relation in both its interpretations: E = mc 2 relates total energy E to the (total) relativistic mass m (alternatively denoted m rel or m tot), while E 0 = m 0 c 2 relates rest energy E 0 to (invariant) rest mass m 0.
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