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Protein crystals commonly have as much as 50% water content. Molecules are also labeled as hydrates for historical reasons not covered above. Glucose, C 6 H 12 O 6, was originally thought of as C 6 (H 2 O) 6 and described as a carbohydrate. Hydrate formation is common for active ingredients. Many manufacturing processes provide an opportunity ...
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In γ-cyclodextrin, the eight glucose subunits are linked end to end via α-1,4 linkages. The result has the shape of a tapered cylinder, with 8 primary alcohols on one face and 16 secondary alcohol groups on the other. The exterior surface of cyclodextrins is somewhat hydrophilic whereas the interior core is hydrophobic.
There are two main ways in which minerals hydrate. One is conversion of an oxide to a double hydroxide , as with the hydration of calcium oxide —CaO—to calcium hydroxide —Ca(OH) 2 . The other is with the incorporation of water molecules directly into the crystalline structure of a new mineral, [ 1 ] as with the hydration of feldspars to ...
Crystals of hydrated copper(II) sulfate consist of [Cu(H 2 O) 4] 2+ centers linked to SO 2− 4 ions. Copper is surrounded by six oxygen atoms, provided by two different sulfate groups and four molecules of water.
Nitrogen clathrate hydrate has a density range of 0.95 to 1.00 gcm −3 varying depending on how full of the nitrogen the cavities are. So it may float or sink in water. [1] Thermal conductivity is 0.5 Wm −1 K −1 which is about a quarter that of ice. [1] The linear thermal expansion, and heat capacity are similar to that of ice. [1]
Clathrates have been found to occur naturally in large quantities. Around 6.4 trillion (6.4 × 10 12) tonnes of methane is trapped in deposits of methane clathrate on the deep ocean floor. [8] Such deposits can be found on the Norwegian continental shelf in the northern headwall flank of the Storegga Slide.
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