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Turbo coding is an iterated soft-decoding scheme that combines two or more relatively simple convolutional codes and an interleaver to produce a block code that can perform to within a fraction of a decibel of the Shannon limit.
The analysis of errors computed using the global positioning system is important for understanding how GPS works, and for knowing what magnitude errors should be expected.
In mathematics and computational science, the Euler method (also called the forward Euler method) is a first-order numerical procedure for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with a given initial value. It is the most basic explicit method for numerical integration of ordinary differential equations and is the simplest Runge–Kutta ...
Forward-Backward Euler method The result of applying both the Forward Euler method and the Forward-Backward Euler method for a = 5 {\displaystyle a=5} and n = 30 {\displaystyle n=30} . In order to apply the IMEX-scheme, consider a slightly different differential equation:
Compute forward probabilities ; Compute backward probabilities ; Compute smoothed probabilities based on other information (i.e. noise variance for AWGN, bit crossover probability for binary symmetric channel)
This differs from the (forward) Euler method in that the forward method uses (,) in place of (+, +). The backward Euler method is an implicit method: the new approximation y k + 1 {\displaystyle y_{k+1}} appears on both sides of the equation, and thus the method needs to solve an algebraic equation for the unknown y k + 1 {\displaystyle y_{k+1}} .
The on-line textbook: Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms, by David J.C. MacKay, contains chapters on elementary error-correcting codes; on the theoretical limits of error-correction; and on the latest state-of-the-art error-correcting codes, including low-density parity-check codes, turbo codes, and fountain codes.
The choice of the next variable and the choice of the next value to give it are complementary, in that the value is typically chosen in such a way that a solution (if any) is found as quickly as possible, while the next variable is typically chosen in such a way unsatisfiability (if the current partial solution is unsatisfiable) is proven as ...